Nigerian Politics: Now That Governors Yearn Earnestly For APC (GOYEAP) By Taiwo Adisa

From Military Youth Movements to Modern Political Defections: A Nigerian Political Evolution

The Rise and Fall of YEAA: Youth Mobilization Under Abacha

In the turbulent years leading up to Nigeria’s return to democracy in 1999, the political landscape was heavily influenced by a youth organization known as Youths Earnestly Ask for Abacha (YEAA). Spearheaded by Daniel Kanu, a charismatic figure with strong ties to the military establishment, YEAA was notorious for its aggressive and highly visible campaigns. Their primary objective was to transform the military ruler, General Sani Abacha, into a civilian president, a goal they pursued through mass rallies and nationwide demonstrations.

YEAA’s influence was so pervasive that it became intertwined with the activities of the five officially registered political parties of the time. This alliance inspired the late Chief Bola Ige, former Attorney General and Afenifere leader, to famously describe these parties as the “five fingers of a leprous hand.” Had there been a sixth finger, YEAA would have fit that metaphor perfectly. However, this political momentum abruptly ended in 1998 when General Abdulsalami Abubakar took over, steering Nigeria away from the authoritarian grip and setting the stage for democratic transition.

Governors and the New Wave of Political Defections

Fast forward 25 years into Nigeria’s democratic era, and the political environment shows signs of reverting to old patterns, albeit with new tactics. Unlike the military-backed YEAA, today’s political scene is dominated by what can be termed Governors Yearn Earnestly for APC (GOYEAP). This trend sees numerous state governors abandoning their original parties to embrace the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC), symbolized by the broom.

This wave of defections raises critical questions about the motivations behind such moves. The Nigerian Constitution, even after amendments, does not explicitly accommodate gubernatorial defections, creating a legal gray area. Governors wield immense power within their states, controlling local political structures, influencing legislative candidates, and often shaping federal representation. This control makes them pivotal players in national politics, explaining why presidents tread carefully around them.

The Power Dynamics Behind Defections

In Yoruba culture, a powerful individual like a governor might be likened to an “Eruobodo,” a figure commanding respect and authority. Traditionally, the river (symbolizing power) is unafraid, but those who enter it must be cautious. However, recent events suggest a reversal of this wisdom. For instance, Plateau State Governor Caleb Mutfwang of the PDP publicly resisted pressure to join the APC, sparking a heated exchange with APC members. Similarly, Osun State Governor Ademola Adeleke faced accusations of attempting a covert defection, highlighting the contentious nature of these political shifts.

Governors from Delta, Akwa Ibom, Enugu, and Bayelsa have all defected to the APC in recent months, signaling a broader trend. While defections among legislators are somewhat common and constitutionally regulated, gubernatorial defections remain rare and controversial. The surge in such moves prompts a deeper inquiry into the underlying causes.

Understanding the Motivations for Political Defections

Political defections often serve as survival strategies. Historically, politicians facing internal party opposition or threats to their political careers have switched allegiances to secure their positions. For example, in 2002, Mallam Mala Kachala of Borno State defected under such circumstances. However, recent defections by governors do not fit this pattern. Many defectors, such as the governors of Enugu and Delta, enjoy strong political bases and alliances, suggesting other factors at play.

One plausible explanation lies in the nature of contemporary Nigerian political parties and their leadership selection processes. Politics has increasingly become transactional, with ideology and principles taking a backseat to power acquisition. This commodification of politics fosters an environment where “anything goes,” undermining party loyalty and ideological consistency. Nonetheless, claims that governors are coerced into defecting lack substantial evidence. The example of President Bola Tinubu, who resisted external pressures during his governorship to build a formidable political party, illustrates that principled leadership is possible.

Contrasting Past and Present Political Landscapes

At Nigeria’s democratic inception, political actors exhibited greater ideological commitment. The founding politicians who led the independence movement rarely engaged in opportunistic party switching. Although military rule interrupted democratic progress for much of the post-independence period, the Second Republic (1979-1983) offers a benchmark for ideological clarity.

During the Second Republic, political parties had distinct identities and philosophies. The Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) championed social democracy and progressive policies. The National Party of Nigeria (NPN) was a centrist, multi-ethnic conservative party. The Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) and its offshoot, the Great Nigeria Peoples Party (GNPP), also embraced progressive ideals, while the People’s Redemption Party (PRP) aligned with populist and working-class interests. Despite some political maneuvering, such as the NPN’s strategic recruitment of opposition figures, party ideologies remained largely intact.

The Prevalence and Impact of Defections in Contemporary Politics

Today, defection has become a defining feature of Nigerian politics, frequently dominating discussions in both the Senate and House of Representatives. Recent reports confirm that the APC has secured a two-thirds majority in both chambers, largely due to defections. While the constitution restricts defections under Section 68(1g), politicians exploit legal ambiguities and protracted court battles to maintain their new affiliations.

This persistent defection culture undermines political stability and ideological coherence, raising concerns about the future of Nigeria’s Fourth Republic.

Charting a Path Forward: Strengthening Party Systems and Electoral Integrity

Resolving the challenges posed by rampant defections requires concerted efforts from political parties and electoral bodies. Party leaders must enforce stricter membership regulations, eliminate the influence of political brokers, and ensure transparent candidate selection processes. Encouraging members to vote conscientiously during primaries can restore internal democracy.

Simultaneously, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) should reinforce electoral procedures that uphold the sanctity of votes and promote accountability. By adopting these measures, Nigeria can aspire to a political environment reminiscent of the Second Republic’s ideological clarity and party loyalty.

(Originally published by the Sunday Tribune, November 2, 2025)